Google Now comes to iPhone, challenging Apple's Siri

By Alexei Oreskovic

SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Google Inc is bringing its Google Now technology to the iPhone, where it will compete head-on with Apple Inc's Siri to serve as the primary service that smartphone users rely on to get everything from weather updates to traffic forecasts.

Google Now, which made its debut last year on mobile devices powered by Google's Android operating system, will be available as a feature in the new version of the Google Search app for iPhones and iPads starting on Monday.

Personal assistant technology such as Apple's Siri, Google Now and products created by various start-up companies aspire to play what could become a critical role on smartphones by helping users with daily chores such as looking up information on the Web, handling calendar appointments and managing travel plans.

Some analysts believe Apple's Siri, which comes pre-loaded on iPhones and iPads, represents a growing threat to Google, the world's No. 1 search engine. The information that Siri provides on common topics such as sports scores and nearby restaurants reduces the need to visit Google's search engine, the analysts say.

Johanna Wright, Google's vice president of Search and Assist for Mobile, described Google Now as the next phase in the evolution of search, in which answers are served up without a user needing to type in a query.

The technology taps into Google's various online services, from Web search to personal Gmail email and Google Calendar entries, to deliver relevant information throughout the day in pop-up windows that Google refers to as "cards." By accessing an email with a flight itinerary, for example, Google Now can automatically remind a traveler about an upcoming trip and suggest the best time to leave for the airport based on current traffic conditions.

Unlike the Android version of Google Now, in which users can swipe the phone's homescreen to quickly access the pop-up cards, the version for Apple's iOS will only display these cards when a user has opened the Google Search app.

The smartphone has emerged as a key battleground between Google and Apple as consumers increasingly access the Web with mobile devices instead of personal computers.

In September, Apple replaced the Google Maps app that once came pre-loaded on iPhones with a new maps app that Apple created in-house. The Apple maps service contained embarrassing errors, drawing fierce criticism from consumers and reviewers and forcing Apple Chief Executive Tim Cook to offer a public apology.

(Reporting by Alexei Oreskovic; Editing by Richard Chang)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/google-now-comes-iphone-challenging-apples-siri-143928576.html

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Yeah Yeah Yeahs' Fever To Tell Turns 10

We take a look back at the album that made the Yeah Yeah Yeahs stars 10 years ago today.
By James Montgomery

Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1706456/yeah-yeah-yeahs-fever-to-tell-10-year-anniversary.jhtml

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94% Room 237

All Critics (108) | Top Critics (28) | Fresh (102) | Rotten (7) | DVD (1)

There's enough real evidence supporting the theory that Kubrick was a genius, and that's pretty entertaining all by itself.

It's about the human need for stuff to make sense - especially overpowering emotional experiences - and the tendency for some people to take that sense-making to extremes.

The results can range from enlightening - Kubrick did like to mess with things - to embarrassing. But it's never dull. "Room 237" shines.

You don't have to buy any of the nutty theories in Room 237 to appreciate what director Rodney Ascher has accomplished.

It's nuts, in the best possible way.

Their imaginings are not far removed from the deconstuctionist gobbledygook that has hammerlocked academic film and literary scholarship. But here at least the gobbledygook is entertaining.

Termitic film nerds could chow down for years on the wood chips.

You know when "Room 237? starts getting really scary? When the people in the film start making sense.

Kubrick fans and movie geeks will want to check this film out as soon as possible

Kubrick fans will take 'Shining' to 'Room 237.'

The credibility of these theories ranges from faintly plausible to frankly ridiculous, but Ascher isn't interested in judging them; his movie is more about the joys of deconstruction and the special kind of obsession that movies can inspire.

Some of the interpretations seem more of a stretch than others but all are entertainingly presented by director Rodney Ascher. (The movie) serves as a testament to Stanley Kubrick's cinematic mastery.

As fascinating as it is frustrating

It is nice to see a doc that makes you smile instead of making you angry. Anyone who is a fan of Stanley Kubrick will eat this up.

Powered by a deep and abiding affection for both The Shining and Kubrick in general, Room 237 is an amuse-bouche of remix culture.

Room 237 is an extended riff of the "Paul is dead" variety. But, you know what? Sometimes a guy moving a table in the background is just a guy moving a table in the background.

A diverting excursion for lovers of Kubrick's films...even if, at over a hundred minutes, it does go on a bit long.

A fascinating doc that will get both film geeks and conspiracy theorists alike drooling, it all but guarantees you'll never watch The Shining quite the same way again.

Confounding, eye-opening, and often hilarious.

I suspect that Ascher's intention was to dynamize an academic exercise, but these constant, sundry inserts render the tone as corny and glib as a VH1 special.

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Source: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/room_237_2012/

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Man stabs 4 people at church in Albuquerque

ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) ? Police say a man stabbed four people at a Catholic church in Albuquerque as a Sunday mass was nearing its end.

Police spokesman Robert Gibbs says a man in his 20s jumped over several pews at St. Jude Thaddeus Catholic Church around noon Sunday and walked up to the choir area where he began his attack.

The injuries to the four church-goers weren't life-threatening. All four were being treated at hospitals.

An off-duty police officer and others at the church subdued the attacker and held him down until police arrived.

Some of those who were stabbed were members of the choir.

Gibbs says the attacker is in custody but that police don't yet know his identity, the motive for the stabbings, whether he had any ties to the victims or whether he regularly attended the church.

The stabbings occurred as the choir had just begun its closing hymns.

Archbishop of Santa Fe Michael Sheehan released a statement saying he was saddened by the attack. "I pray for all who have been harmed, their families, the parishioners and that nothing like this will ever happen again," Sheehan said.

The church didn't immediately return calls seeking comment on Sunday afternoon.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/man-stabs-4-people-church-albuquerque-203516533.html

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Protein shaped like a spider

Monday, April 29, 2013

The protein C4BP is similar to a spider in its spatial form with eight "arms". The structure of the "spider body" has recently been described in detail by researchers from the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in Braunschweig and the Technische Universit?t Darmstadt. This leads the scientists to unconventional ideas ? the protein is possibly suitable as a scaffold for the transport of active pharmaceutical substances, particularly biomolecules. The researchers are publishing their results in the current edition of the international journal Journal of Molecular Biology.

The so-called complement system is a part of the innate immune defence within the human body: more than sixty different proteins form one of the first countermeasures against invading pathogens. One of them is the C4b binding protein known as C4BP. It is involved in the immune defence against bacteria in the blood. How precisely such protein substance carries out its function or how it interacts with other molecules ? this can only be predicted by scientists once they have identified the spatial structure of the molecule. Structural biologists therefore examine the substance in its purest form with x-ray machines and are able to reconstruct the spatial design in a computer. Regarding the case of the recently-described C4BP, they found out that it has eight "arms" and thus resembles a spider to a certain degree. Seven of the "arms" are identical as "alpha chains", while the eighth, a "beta chain" is different from the others. The spider body that holds these side chains together is called the oligomerisation domain. Its structure was of special interest to researchers, since it determines the spatial alignment of the "arms".

The newly-described structure allows two possible variants. "However, there is one of these two possibilities that is more feasible because it is much more stable", says Thomas Hofmeyer, PhD student at the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of TU Darmstadt and first author for the publication. And the C4BP is quite stable, as explained by the other first author Dr. Stefan Schmelz from the Department of Molecular Structural Biology of HZI: "Even boiling is not able to break down its form." Usually, human proteins remain stable up to about 40?C. Higher temperatures are of course not found in the body, but the stability of C4BP has a completely different purpose: "As is the case with all components of the complement system, the C4b binding protein is present in blood plasma. The proteins are exposed to enormous shear forces in the blood stream", explains Dr. Andrea Scrima, head of the junior research group "Structural Biology of Autophagy" at HZI. Therefore, the protein needs a high stability in order to be able to withstand these forces.

The researchers now would like to make use of the spatial structure. Their discoveries have facilitated biochemical synthesis of the molecule. In the context of replication within a test tube, the researchers can undertake alterations in a targeted way: "Instead of the seven alpha chains, we could implement other biomolecules", claims Prof. Harald Kolmar, director of the work group Applied Biochemistry at the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Technische Universit?t Darmstadt. "We can use the oligomerisation domain as a framework, in order to decorate it with drug molecules." These could be vaccines, for example. Seven with one stroke, by means of the seven-fold binding capability. Bundled in this manner, more active ingredient could make its way to its target. The dosage could be reduced but the immune system would still be considerably stimulated. "It is thereby possible in the future that bottlenecks, limiting the supply of vaccine, could be avoided and side effects reduced", says Kolmar.

###

Thomas Hofmeyer*, Stefan Schmelz*, Matteo T. Degiacomi, Matteo Dal Peraro, Matin Daneschdar, Andrea Scrima, Joop van den Heuvel, Dirk W. Heinz, Harald Kolmar, * contributed equally Arranged Sevenfold: Structural Insights into the C-Terminal Oligomerization Domain of Human C4b-Binding Protein Journal of Molecular Biology, 2013, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.12.017

Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research: http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en

Thanks to Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 37 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127972/Protein_shaped_like_a_spider

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Woody Guthrie legacy on display at new Oklahoma museum

By Steve Olafson

TULSA, Oklahoma (Reuters) - There was no doubt in Nora Guthrie's mind where the final repository of her famous musician father's legacy would be.

The Woody Guthrie Center opened on Saturday in Tulsa, allowing visitors to see the folk singer's handwritten lyrics to "This Land Is Your Land" and thousands of other lyric sheets, letters, postcards, artwork, photos, manuscripts and journals.

Guthrie was born in Okemah, Oklahoma, about 60 miles from Tulsa, in 1912 and spent his early years there. He gained fame in the 1930s for ballads that drew attention to the plight of Dust Bowl refugees, migrant farmworkers and others dispossessed by the hard times of the Great Depression.

Guthrie's papers were stored in boxes for decades following his death from Huntington's disease in 1967, just after interest in his life and work had been rekindled by Bob Dylan, Peter, Paul and Mary, and others during the 1960s folk music revival.

It was not until the early 1990s that Nora Guthrie started poking through the boxes that her mother, Guthrie's second wife, had carefully packaged.

She recalled pulling out the lyric sheet to "This Land Is Your Land" and asking an archivist what she should do to protect it. A cup of coffee was nearby, Nora Guthrie said, and the archivist carefully placed it and the lyrics a safe distance apart before explaining some of the basic points of archival storage.

The decision to move the archives from New York City to Oklahoma came about a decade ago. The Guthrie family had lost track of where Woody's mother, who died of Huntington's disease in 1930, was buried but rediscovered it in Oklahoma while a touring exhibit on the singer's life was visiting the state.

Family and friends gathered at the grave site, where Nora Guthrie said she was overcome with a feeling that her grandmother was telling her, "Thanks for bringing my boy back to me."

"It was a very powerful experience," she said. "There was some kind of strong pull to bring Woody back to Oklahoma. That was the catalyst."

GUTHRIE'S EX-WIFE

The George Kaiser Family Foundation in Tulsa bought the archives two years ago and agreed to transform a brick warehouse into the Woody Guthrie Center.

On Friday, before the center was opened to the public, one of its first visitors was Guthrie's first wife, Mary Jennings Boyle, 96, of Riverside, California. Sitting in her wheelchair, she watched a multi-media presentation that depicted her marriage to Guthrie after they had met in the Texas panhandle town of Pampa.

She had no objections to be being part of a museum exhibit and said her memories remain fond despite Guthrie's wanderlust, which left her at home with their three kids.

"Our life was not like the normal life," she said. "It just wasn't in him to do that ... Woody wasn't one for doing what most people do."

Bob Santelli, executive director of the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles, calls Guthrie "one of the most important American songwriters."

"His relevancy today is as rich and vibrant today as when he was crisscrossing America writing songs about it," he said.

A variety of recording artists have been invited to browse the Guthrie archives to set his unpublished lyrics to their own music.

"That has never been done before," said Tiffany Colannino, the center's archivist. "Archives traditionally have been a repository for preservation."

The center also features a theater and a classroom for educational programs, but Guthrie's leftist political views will not be pushed on anyone, said Deana McCloud, an English teacher who has been hired as the center's executive director.

McCloud said students who come from tough economic circumstances can find inspiration from Guthrie, who grew up amid the poverty of the 1930s Dust Bowl, "but still had power because of his creativity."

"We're not trying to tell kids what to think," McCloud said. "We're just encouraging them to think."

(This story was fixed to correct spelling of Tiffany Colannino in paragraph 17)

(Editing By Brendan O'Brien, Greg McCune and Bill Trott)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/woody-guthrie-legacy-display-oklahoma-museum-212904653.html

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Te'o thinks he's 'pretty prepared' for NFL

San Diego Chargers draft pick inside linebacker Manti Te'o, from Notre Dame, speaks at an NFL football news conference held at the Chargers facility Saturday, April 27, 2013 in San Diego. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)

San Diego Chargers draft pick inside linebacker Manti Te'o, from Notre Dame, speaks at an NFL football news conference held at the Chargers facility Saturday, April 27, 2013 in San Diego. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)

San Diego Chargers draft pick, inside linebacker Manti Te'o, from Notre Dame, holds up his Chargers jersey during an NFL football news conference at the Chargers' facility Saturday, April 27, 2013 in San Diego. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)

San Diego Chargers draft pick inside linebacker, Manti Te'o, from Notre Dame, waits to be introduced at an NFL football news conference held at the Chargers facility Saturday, April 27, 2013 in San Diego. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)

San Diego Chargers draft pick inside linebacker Manti Te'o,, from Notre Dame, speaks at an NFL football news conference held at the Chargers facility Saturday, April 27, 2013 in San Diego. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)

San Diego Chargers draft pick, inside linebacker Manti Te'o, from Notre Dame, listens to a question during an NFL football news conference held at the Chargers facility Saturday, April 27, 2013 in San Diego. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)

SAN DIEGO (AP) ? After dealing with the commotion over his fake online girlfriend and his flop in the national championship game, Manti Te'o believes he's ready for the NFL.

That includes being mentally tough enough for the verbal abuse he'll surely hear in places like Philadelphia, where the San Diego Chargers play their first road game next season, and Oakland's infamous "Black Hole."

"After the couple months I've been through, I think I'm pretty prepared," Te'o said Saturday in his introductory news conference. "As far as going into another stadium, you can't worry about that stuff. You're with your family, you're with your brothers out there. That's all that matters. That's all you can really pay attention to. Yeah, it's a football game, and you play with the guys that you've prepared with, and you focus on what's important, and that's making sure that when the Chargers walk off, we're victorious."

The Chargers' rookie brain trust, general manager Tom Telesco and coach Mike McCoy, said they weren't bothered by the scrutiny Te'o has been under the last four months. The Chargers traded up in the second round to pick the star Notre Dame linebacker.

Te'o visited with Telesco and McCoy in San Diego before the draft and gave his version of what happened with the girlfriend hoax and his poor play in Notre Dame's blowout loss to Alabama in the national championship game.

"I just concentrate on me being me," said Te'o, who seemed relaxed in facing the media. "What I learned from that is you can control certain things and you can't control other things. So, learn to control the things you can and leave the things you can't control up to those people. I was just happy to get out there and share my side of the story, to just tell them that hey, what happened was what happened and what I'm here to do is play football. Hopefully guys saw that."

Te'o said Friday that he had expected to go in the first round on Thursday night. He was with his family in Hawaii when the first round came and went without him being drafted. The Chargers took him with the 38th pick overall after trading spots in the second round with Arizona and giving the Cardinals their fourth-round pick.

Te'o said he's been welcomed by his new teammates, with quarterback Philip Rivers being the first to text him with congratulations. He's even getting on well with Alabama right tackle D.J. Fluker, the Chargers' first-round pick.

Te'o became the butt of national jokes after it was revealed he was duped into an Internet romance with a girlfriend he never met.

The too-good-to-be-true story began with Te'o's incredible performances after learning his grandmother and what he believed was his girlfriend had died within hours of one another in September. Te'o said it inspired him to play his best football all season, and it was so compelling that it helped turn Te'o into a Heisman Trophy contender as he was leading the Fighting Irish to an undefeated regular season and into the national title game.

On Dec. 26, Te'o notified Notre Dame officials that he had received a call from his supposedly dead girlfriend's phone three weeks earlier.

The school investigated and ? after Deadspin.com broke the story of the fake girlfriend ? athletic director Jack Swarbrick announced at a news conference that Te'o had been duped. Ronaiah Tuiasosopo, 22, later said he created the online persona of Lennay Kekua, a nonexistent woman who Te'o said he fell in love with despite never meeting her in person.

Te'o struggled in Notre Dame's loss to in the national championship game to Alabama and its offense full of future NFL draft picks.

One of those players, Fluker, was drafted by the Chargers with the 11th overall pick Thursday night. Fluker posed for a group photo with Te'o and California wide receiver Keenan Allen, the Chargers' third-round pick. Fluker then stood to the side as Allen and then Te'o answered questions.

"He's one of the funniest dudes in the world," Te'o said of Fluker. "Having D.J. on our team and the energy he brings to the game, if you watch him on the field he's one of the meanest dudes but off the field he's one of the coolest guys to get to know. Now we're here and Keenan's here. We all knew each other before we came here. We're very lucky to be here."

Te'o said he's dealt with the circus the last few months by "just finding time for myself. I found time for myself with my family. I found a lot of peace and a lot of joy just hanging out with my friends, hanging out with my family. Me going back to Hawaii was the best thing that happened to me, just to be around my family."

What should people know about him?

"I'm just a regular 22-year-old kid," Te'o said. "I just love to hang out with friends, love to play football. Just normal. Just like everybody else."

Te'o said his biggest influences were the late Junior Seau, who starred with San Diego for 13 seasons, and Ray Lewis, who retired after leading Baltimore to the Super Bowl win against San Francisco.

"It starts off with Junior," Te'o said. "Me being a Polynesian-Samoan kid, you look up to Junior. He's a Samoan man who was a trailblazer for kids like me. Everybody knows what Ray Lewis does, not only as a player but what he does as a teammate, rallying his guys, being that leader. When he says something, people listen. I've always watched that, the enthusiasm, energy and tenacity."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/347875155d53465d95cec892aeb06419/Article_2013-04-27-FBN-Draft-Chargers-Te'o/id-f26668dfe34447c5b70c2d3fc5e3c1fb

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Cyberattack suspect had 'bunker' in north Spain

MADRID (AP) ? A Dutch citizen arrested in northeast Spain on suspicion of launching what is described as the biggest cyberattack in Internet history operated from a bunker and had a van capable of hacking into networks anywhere in the country, officials said Sunday.

The suspect traveled in Spain using his van "as a mobile computing office, equipped with various antennas to scan frequencies," an Interior Ministry statement said.

Agents arrested him Thursday in the city of Granollers, 35 kilometers (22 miles) north of Barcelona, complying with a European arrest warrant issued by Dutch authorities.

He is accused of attacking the Swiss-British anti-spam watchdog group Spamhaus whose main task is to halt ads for counterfeit Viagra and bogus weight-loss pills reaching the world's inboxes.

The statement said officers uncovered the computer hacker's bunker, "from where he even did interviews with different international media."

The 35-year-old, whose birthplace was given as the western Dutch city of Alkmaar, was identified only by his initials: S.K.

The statement said the suspect called himself a diplomat belonging to the "Telecommunications and Foreign Affairs Ministry of the Republic of Cyberbunker."

Spanish police were alerted in March by Dutch authorities of large denial-of-service attacks being launched from Spain that were affecting Internet servers in the Netherlands, United Kingdom and the U.S. These attacks culminated with a major onslaught on Spamhaus.

The Netherlands National Prosecution Office described them as "unprecedentedly serious attacks on the nonprofit organization Spamhaus."

The largest assault clocked in at 300 billion bits per second, according to San Francisco-based CloudFlare Inc., which Spamhaus enlisted to help it weather the onslaught.

Denial-of-service attacks overwhelm a server with traffic, jamming it with incoming messages. Security experts measure the attacks in bits of data per second. Recent cyberattacks ? such as the ones that caused persistent outages at U.S. banking sites late last year ? have tended to peak at 100 billion bits per second, one third the size of that experienced by Spamhaus.

Netherlands, German, British and U.S. police forces took part in the investigation leading to the arrest, Spain said.

The suspect is expected to be extradited from Spain to face justice in the Netherlands.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/495d344a0d10421e9baa8ee77029cfbd/Article_2013-04-28-Spain-Cybercrime/id-b01d1a301b88423f832d38ac77012027

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Scarlett Johansson Considers Kicking Ass In 'Lucy'

Luc Besson has found a new butt-kicking lady to lead his next film: Scarlett Johansson. The "Don Jon's Addiction" actress is in final negotiations to play the main character in Besson's next film, "Lucy." The action thriller is about a woman forced to become a mule for a drug that ends up transforming her into [...]

Source: http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2013/04/26/scarlett-johansson-lucy/

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First edition of a bookworm's genome

Friday, April 26, 2013

It has co-existed quietly with humans for centuries, slurping up the spillage in beer halls and gorging on the sour paste used to bind books. Now the tiny nematode Panagrellus redivivus (P.redivivus) has emerged from relative obscurity with the publication of its complete genetic code. Further study of this worm, which is often called the beer-mat worm or, simply, the microworm, is expected to shed new light on many aspects of animal biology, including the differences between male and female organisms and the unique adaptations of parasitic worms.

Using next-generation sequencing technologies, a research team led by Jagan Srinivasan, now an assistant professor of biology and biotechnology at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), discovered just over 24,000 putative genes encoded in the worm's DNA?nearly the same number as in the human genome. The team also measured the amount and characteristics of RNA molecules transcribed from those genes to direct cellular processes?that collection of data is called the worm's transcriptome. The genome data published by Srinivasan and colleagues marks the first time a free-living nematode outside of the widely studied C. elegans immediate family has been sequenced.

The researchers detail their findings in the paper, "The Draft Genome and Transcriptome of Panagrellus redivivus Are Shaped by the Harsh Demands of a Free-Living Lifestyle," published in the April 2013 edition of the journal Genetics.

"Humans and nematodes share a common ancestor that lived in the oceans more than 600 million years ago," Srinivasan said. "Many of the basic biological processes have been conserved over the millennia and are similar in Panagrellus and humans. So we believe there is a lot to be learned from studying this organism."

Srinivasan led the P.redivivus sequencing project while working as a postdoctoral researcher at the California Institute of Technology in the laboratory of Paul Sternberg, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology at Caltech. Adler Dillman, a graduate student at Caltech, worked closely with Srinivasan on the project and shares first-author status of the new study. Sternberg is the senior author.

Srinivasan joined the WPI faculty in the fall of 2012 and has established his own research program using the microworm and its scientifically more famous cousin, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), as model systems to study the neurobiological basis of social communication and how organisms react to environmental cues.

In recent years C. elegans has emerged as a star in the biomedical research world. In 1998 it became the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced. The experience gained from that work was fundamental to the successful completion of the Human Genome Project. Nobel prizes in 2002, 2006, and 2008 were awarded to researchers who made extraordinary discoveries studying C. elegans.

Like C. elegans, the microworm P. redivivus is a free-living nematode found in many environments around the world. An adult microworm is about 2 millimeters long and has approximately 1,000 cells. Despite its small size, the worm is a complex organism able to do all of the things animals must do to survive. It can move, eat, reproduce, and process cues from its environment that help it forage for food, seek out mates, or react to threats. Unlike C. elegans, however, P. redivivus is a gonochoristic species, meaning it has male and female individuals who must mate to reproduce. In contrast, C. elegans has evolved to be primarily a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and sperm in the same individual. (There are some male-only C. elegans worms, but they are rare in the wild.)

"Because we see true male and female individuals, Panagrellus will be a powerful model system for studying the differences between the sexes and the processes that the organism uses to find and interact with a mate," Srinivasan said.

Both P. redivivus and C. elegans are well suited for laboratory research, Srinivasan noted. The worms are easily cultured and have a short lifecycle, growing from embryo to adult in about four days. Adults live for approximately three weeks and can produce as many as 40 offspring each day. This lifecycle makes them ideal for genetic studies. Furthermore, the worms are transparent. Under a microscope researchers can look into a worm's body and see almost every cell in the living animal. They can see the cell nuclei, tag molecules with glowing fluorescent markers, and capture images of biological processes from the moment of fertilization to maturity.

As a free-living species, the microworm is considered to be an ancestor of other small worms that have evolved into parasites and colonize specific plants or animals (including humans) to survive. Studying the differences between the microworm and parasitic species will become another important area of research, Professor Sternberg noted. "Of course we want to know more about parasitic worms, given their impact on people and the environment," Sternberg said. "To know about parasites, however, you have to know about the free-living worms to place the bizarre features of parasites into context."

The current study identified the number, location, and composition of genes and RNA transcript in the microworm, and found significant and surprising differences between the P.redivivus genome and that of C. elegans even though the worms look nearly identical to the naked eye. For example, the early analysis of the microworm genome suggests that a large collection of genes have evolved as defenses against viruses and other pathogens the worms encounter in the environment?hence the "harsh demands" of their lifestyle as referenced in the paper's title.

"Studying how the genomes differ, and what processes are driven by those differences, should prove to be insightful," Srinivasan said. "Sequencing the genome and transcriptome is an important first step in what we believe will be a rich new field of study for fundamental biological processes that control development and behavior, not only in the worms, but also in humans."

###

Worcester Polytechnic Institute: http://www.wpi.edu

Thanks to Worcester Polytechnic Institute for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 35 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127963/First_edition_of_a_bookworm_s_genome

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Good Health For Good Life: Information To Consider Before Having ...

Information To Consider Before Having LASIK Eye Surgery

by Frank Kaufmann

LASIK eye surgery is becoming very popular these days. One can receive a lot of benefits with the procedure. Yet, it is not one hundred percent effective in some cases and it is best to know as much as possible, before you have this done. Here is important info to consider.

LASIK is laser assisted in situ keratomileusis. For this procedure, a surgeon makes use of lasers instead of normal surgical implements. Lasers can make very fine incisions that are impossible with other instruments. This operation is done to improve vision by changing the shape of the lens through laser eye surgery techniques.

During the surgical process, the surgeon cuts a flap in the lens with the use of lasers. The flap is temporarily placed aside and a laser makes the finishing incisions that reshape the cornea. Recovery time is necessary and many patients are able to enjoy improved vision. Some may no longer require corrective lenses.

Lasik costs are not set in stone and you may find a great deal of variances. This depends on your location and the kind of facility you choose. A 2010 survey reveals the average cost of a corrective laser surgery to be around $4,000, in the U. S. This includes both eyes and follow up medical care.

Corrective vision operations may be beyond many household budgets because they are not usually covered by standard health insurance policies. Most medical insurance does not cover cosmetic procedures so you will need to pay all the cost yourself. Be careful when shopping surgeons as some places may advertise unusually low prices. If this occurs, check out the surgeon and also get a quote for the entire procedure.

Whenever you undergo any kind of invasive procedure, there is always an element of risk. Many people consider corrective surgeries so they will not have to wear glasses, but this is not always the case. Some people may still need glasses. LASIK risks include dry eyes. This condition may be very mild but it can be significant for some patients. A very low percentage of patients report some vision loss and experience visual disturbances like halos or double vision.

People with certain medical conditions should avoid vision correction procedures. For instance, if you have a weakened immune system or an autoimmune illness like rheumatoid arthritis of lupus, you have a higher risk for developing infection. Pregnant women should not consider this procedure and one should take a look at all of the risk factors before making a decision.

Before you have your surgical procedure, make sure and completely familiarize yourself with all of the post op instructions and advice. Try to keep from submersing your eyes in water until you know you are totally healed. This includes bathing, hot tubs, and swimming pools. Do not rub your eyes if they itch, as it can affect the way your procedure heals. Do not drive if you have any kind of vision problem. With the right homework and research, it is not hard to make an informed decision about LASIK eye surgery.

Find reliable information about LASIK eye surgery when you <a href="http://www.lasikatlanta.org/lasik-atlanta/">click here</a> at our website. More details about the LASIK eye surgery Atlanta residents want can be seen at http://www.lasikatlanta.org/lasik-atlanta/ right now.

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Title: Information To Consider Before Having LASIK Eye Surgery
Author: Frank Kaufmann
Email: dan@paluskagroup.com
Keywords: lasik atlanta,atlanta lasik,lasik eye surgery atlanta,LASIK eye surgery,LASIK costs,LASIK risks,laser eye surgery,eye,vision,information
Word Count: 509
Category: Health & Fitness
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Source: http://health-is-first.blogspot.com/2013/04/good-health-for-good-life-information.html

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Racing car with electric drive

Apr. 26, 2013 ? Drive technology has an electric future -- of this Fraunhofer research scientists are in no doubt. At the Sensor + Test measurement fair in Nuremberg from May 14 -16, they will use an electric racing car to present novel solutions for battery management and electronic sensor systems together with an industry partner. The scientists are following a new trend, as even FIA, the governing body for world motor sport, federation of the world's leading motoring organizations and organizer of Formula 1, is planning a racing series for electric vehicles.

From 0 to 100 in 3.6 seconds -- we're not talking about the rapid acceleration of a Porsche Carrera or Ferrari Scaglietti, but of EVE, a racing car with a very quiet engine. EVE is powered by two electric motors, one for each rear wheel. With a maximum output of 60 kilowatts, they get the e-racer going at 4500 rotations per minute. The sprinter can reach a top speed of 140 km/h, and has a range of 22 km thanks to two lithium polymer batteries, with a combined capacity of 8 kWh. Electrical engineering students from the e-racing team at the Hochschule Esslingen University of Applied Sciences designed the 300 kg car as a voluntary project alongside their studies, and they have already competed in it at the international Formula Student Electric (FSE) race in Italy. From May 14-16, the racing car will be on show at the Sensor + Test measurement fair in Nuremberg at the joint Fraunhofer trade show booth (Hall 12, Booth 537). Scientists from the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS in Erlangen developed the entire electronic sensor system in close collaboration with Seuffer GmbH & Co.KG, an industry partner with whom the institute has been working for over 11 years. Seuffer GmbH & Co.KG is based in Calw in Baden-W?rttemberg, southern Germany, and sponsors the students of the E.Stall racing team.

"Electromobility as a topic is becoming ever more important. The racing car serves as a showcase for us to demonstrate novel sensor solutions as well as battery and energy management concepts," says Klaus-Dieter Taschka, an engineer at Fraunhofer IIS. Besides wheels, brakes, damper unit, batteries and electric motors, EVE is equipped with numerous sensors. These include braking pressure, crash, temperature and acce- leration sensors as well as sensors that monitor the accelerator and brake pedals, speed, steering angle, wheel speed and power. These last six functions could all be performed by HallinOne? sensors developed by Fraunhofer IIS, 3D magnetic-field sensors that are already a standard feature in washing machines, where they are used to determine the position and orientation of the drum.

Electronic sensors determine charge state of the battery

The two electronic sensors attached at the sides of the batteries use 3D magnetic-field sensor technology developed by Fraunhofer IIS to measure the magnetic field generated by the flow of electrical current and thus to determine the battery's level of charge. What's special about this is that the contactless sensors measure both the current that flows from the battery to the engine and the current that flows back again when the vehicle brakes. The integrated sensor system is able to eliminate disturbances and foreign magnetic fields, thus guaranteeing very precise measurements. A further advantage is that the system is also able to measure other aspects of the battery such as its voltage and temperature. The data is collected and sent to the power control unit (PCU) and the battery management system (BMS), which controls the charging and discharging processes.

Intelligent battery management system extends battery life

Battery running times and battery life are limiting factors for all electric vehicles. The BMS developed by Fraunhofer IIS in Nuremberg tackles this problem by determining the impedance spectrum of all battery cells and constantly testing whether the cells are functioning properly. This allows cells' condition, current capacity and potential service life to be ascertained and running times to be predicted more accurately.

As individual battery cells age, they are able to store less and less energy. The challenge lies in optimizing cell utilization. "Until now, a battery system was able to provide only as much energy as was available in its weakest cell. The energy stored in other cells remained unused. Our BMS has an active cell balancing system that moves energy between stronger and weaker cells. This means that all cells share the load equally, allowing the maximum capacity of the battery as a whole to be utilized," explains Dr.-Ing. Peter Spies, group manager at Fraunhofer IIS in Nuremberg. Actively balancing out the cells during the charging and discharging process extends the battery's service life and range. "EVE's current BMS is a system developed in house by E.Stall, but our solution could take its place," says Spies.

Polarization camera detects cracks in bodywork

EVE's compact design is built on a tubular steel space frame housed within a carbon fiber body. Racing around the track puts a great deal of stress on the plastic fibers, and this can lead to tiny cracks developing in the material. Fraunhofer IIS in Erlangen has developed POLKA, a polarization camera that can detect such damage at an early stage by measuring stresses within unpainted surfaces of the carbon structure. This compact camera makes any scratches visible by registering properties of light that are imperceptible to the human eye: polarization. Material stresses in the plastic cause changes in polarization. POLKA is able to collect all the polarization information for each pixel in a single shot at speeds of up to 250 frames per second. Using real-time color coding, the dedicated software translates the information collected about the intensity, angle and degree of polarization into a visual display that is accessible to the human eye. The system will also be presented at the joint Fraunhofer booth.

"We are convinced that EVE's innovative technology will allow the vehicle to perform very well while demonstrating excellent environmental awareness," says Rolf Kleiner, group manager of the battery technology department at Seuffer. And the students of team E.Stall will soon have a chance to prove it: This year EVE will be in the lineup for the Formula Student race in Italy, Spain and Czechia.

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/strange_science/~3/nY_vyXLiSSM/130426073718.htm

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Suggestions That Put Your Social Media Marketing To Get Results ...

Social networking features a good reputation for as an really complicated marketing program, but this is incorrect. It is actually one of many easiest choices on the market and needs no economic investment. Using social media allows the business manager to have interaction with an a lot more personal stage with his or her audience and create a ripple through the internet. One easy video turns into an array of visitors if the listed below advice is considered.

Build top quality content targeted for social websites. Should you be just haphazardly flinging phrases, promoting or any number of mundane snippets on your customers, you then are squandering your some time and losing their business. Be as concerned about your interpersonal content material solutions as you are for that information on the organization internet site.

One great way to have men and women to be involved in your social media web sites is always to supply freebies, freebies, and competitions. Make engagement in a few type or any other around the entrance develop. You can use this to get people to comply with you, like your page, or compose some thing inside a remark line.

To successfully advertise your enterprise on social networking, opening up a tweets accounts will help bring in customers. Word on tweets trips speedy, and lots of profitable enterprises have tried twitter to distribute the word on discount rates or special attractions happening at their companies. You are able to obtain supporters by doing this, and reports relating to your organization is likewise distributed by word of mouth marketing.

Your head line is crucial into a very good article. Most social networks inspire you and also hardwearing . content simple, and if you were to post an extensive write-up, odds are no-one would spend some time to go through it. Try out publishing a hyperlink to your post with a great heading that equally grabs your readers? consideration and clarify what the post is all about.

To acquire men and women to complete your content close to, create databases! A listing file format might appear a little uncomfortable and absurd, but people are more likely to reveal this type of information than just about anything more. Whether it?s a top-notch 10 selection of goods or a list of techniques a product works extremely well, lists will get people involved.

Just before making a specific social media marketing technique, work out which social network site you want to use. Every single social network sites website functions in a different way, so it is vital that your method work together with the internet site you select. As an example, on Facebook or myspace you can create a survey, as opposed to most web sites.

Increase your information due to background photos or Facebook or twitter photostrips. You need to build a design and style that reflects the actual time of year, or simply use colors linked to your manufacturer. Transform the style of your profile frequently, or use diverse designs on special occasions only, before transitioning straight back to your usual layout.

Achieving targeted traffic is important, but it is more essential that they consider the stage from visitors to client. This will basically be completed in the event you generate quality press and target the appropriate audience. Usually do not spend your time or dollars seeking to market to the entire online world when straightforward preparation along with the over tips will save you both.

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Source: http://ojoconelsordo.com/?p=4659

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LinkedIn Turns Its Contacts Section Into A Personal Assistant, With Google, Yahoo, Evernote & Outlook Apps Integration And A Standalone iPhone App

Make way for another major update to the LinkedIn platform: today the company is relaunching its Contacts section as a smart contact management system that will let users link up and integrate connections on LinkedIn with those from Google, Yahoo and Microsoft apps; Evernote; TripIt; your iPhone and more, and then serve as a “personal assistant” to help manage the interactions you make with them. Along with this, LinkedIn is launching a Contacts app for the iPhone — its third standalone app in addition to LinkedIn itself and business card scanner CardMunch, and the first time that LinkedIn has broken out one feature of its platform in its own app. Sachin Rekhi, the creator of Contacts, says that access to the new Contacts will come in stages: first to a limited number of users in the U.S., then to the rest of the country, and then to the rest of LinkedIn’s user base worldwide. The iPhone app, meanwhile, will be free to download and use with no specific plans for monetizing at the moment. As a point of comparison, the company’s new iPhone and Android apps, introduced last week, are now running a limited number of mobile ads. Contacts is the first big product to come out of LinkedIn’s October 2011 acquisition of Connected, the smart contacts management platform it bought to “revolutionize contact management” on LinkedIn. Rekhi, the product lead for Contacts, was one of the co-founders of Connected. The main idea behind it is to help LinkedIn become more of a platform for managing and interacting with people you know through work. In turn, this will (LinkedIn hopes) increase the amount of time that users spend on LinkedIn as a whole. While some of LinkedIn’s recent updates — for example, the new Recruiter pages — may be aimed more at “power users” (and paying users) of the platform, Contacts has a more universal feel to it. We all face the same problems: we connect with people in different ways online, and this is an offering to manage that in a better and smarter way. This comes through?a number of feature updates: Whereas in the old version of Contacts, LinkedIn allowed for one-off imports from services like Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Outlook and others, what users can do now is integrate those contacts as live links, so when something changes on any of those third party accounts, the info gets

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/j5Xoj8dkWp0/

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Top Blogging Sites | Content for Reprint

Author: Martie McCabe | Total views: 122 Comments: 0
Word Count: 1031 Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2013 9:19 PM

At the present time, your online business needs a strong focus on Website marketing. Promoting yourself and your website online is vital to the success of your business. If you're not engaged in Online marketing already, now's the time to begin. Before you get started, make sure you check out these marketing tips to help you promote your web business.

Give something away to those visiting your website. One of the most popular giveaways used by online businesses is an interesting and relevant article. For example, if you are a general contractor, you might have a good article of home repair tips for your customers to download. This tells customers that you care about what is important to them.

Use persuasive words in your emails to customers, encouraging them to take a specific action. Actions you want customers to take can range from purchasing a product, visiting a page on your site or subscribing to your ezine. Since you can track these actions, you will be able to see how effective your marketing efforts are.

There is no exact formula to internet marking, rather it is half art and half science. You must research the online advertising methods that are effective within your industry and learn about newly designed techniques. This can sometimes be challenging.

Whatever claims you make in your website advertizing about top blogging sites, make sure you can back it up with facts. If people believe you are trying to sell them something, they are likely to be distrustful. Credibility is key; augment your sales pitch with support like references, customer testimonials and fact-based evidence. Unless you can substantiate your claims, you run the risk of appearing dishonest or lazy in the eyes of your prospective customers.

To advertise your product, you should create a sort of FAQ. For each issue or question, write a helpful answer, and be sure to mention your products as a solution. Write your questions with this in mind, giving yourself the subtle opportunity to promote your wares.

Affiliate marketing takes a lot of work and research. Choose a trusted mentor that you admire online. Many veteran internet marketers give out free advice, and some mentor newbies for a fee. Once you have chosen a technique you want to try, stick with it until it proves profitable or shows that you need to move on to a new technique. You may have a slow start, but in the end, it will be well worth the effort.

Customers should be able to provide a rating for products in your listing. Additionally, at your discretion, you can allow them to write a review of a product they have purchased. Not only can these reviews help you improve your products, but they allow potential customers to feel more confident in their purchasing decision.

Always avoid spam. Web crawlers, which quickly post hundreds or thousands of comments in a short amount of time, rarely produce the desired effect for your business. Instead, the lack of personalization when advertising could turn your customers off and cause them to become less interested.

Make sure the design of your website on blogging for dummies, makes your links highly visible. This will give the people interested in you, more ease when looking through your website. All of your information will not be hidden away in obscure links that no one can seem to find.

Always try to keep your content fresh and current on your website. If your site only contains dated information, potential customers may think the website is old or your company is closed. A website that is user-friendly and up-to-date is inviting for readers.

Tailor versions of your website to different audiences worldwide. Translate the content into multiple languages so that people all over the world can read your site. This is a potent approach to increase global sales. Customers who can read your website in their own language are more likely to make a purchase from the site.

Ask major companies to add your link to their site, this will make you more credible. Visitors will see these familiar and trusted names on your site and have a tendency toward association, giving you the benefit of the doubt as well as a favorable customer image. In the future, their larger customer base will think of you when they think of them.

Design your banners to be subtle and not annoying to visitors to your website. Do not let them know that it is really a link. Many people do not click banners, but they will not hesitate to click a link that will lead them to more info.

When marketing your business online, it's important that you make your customers feel as if they're in control. This might require you to set up your content in such a way that the customer actually dictates the flow. This is important today in a marketing world full of spam and unwanted opinions. Always have a link people can click on if they wish to discontinue emails from you.

Create a 500 error page that is user-friendly. This happens when your code does not work properly. A boring page that gives this message may annoy your potential customer. You can inform your customers that you know about the problem and are working on resolving it in by better methods than resorting to the generic error page.

Change around the links you use in your emails. Emails that are always the same are the ones that are most often ignored. Customers don't like seeing the same thing repeatedly, and it's important to offer variation to keep them engaged.

Most of the tactics you'll learn about are very easy to implement. You just need to make sure you implement them correctly. There are several approaches for this. So much information is at your disposal to begin to reap the rewards. By following these tips, you are well on your way to becoming a successful internet marketer.

Martie McCabe is an internet marketer.. My articles focuses on developing strategies and tips on blogging services. Learn more about promoting your blog and blog names. For more articles go to my blog at http://www.empowernetwork.com/10k/top-blogging-sites/

Related to: auto blogging - blog name - blogging for dummies - blogging services - custom blog - top blogging sites

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1: Article Marketing Strategy: Putting Together a "Class Schedule" For Your Article Topics

Businesses go to so much trouble when there is one sure-fire, simple, very inexpensive way to attract new clients to a business: Teach a free class. That is what article marketing is like. Your articles are just like free classes. You teach your target readers something helpful in your article. Your resource box then says, "If you enjoyed this article you can visit my website and apply what you have learned."

by: Steve Shaw on: Sat, 23 Apr 2011

2: Why You Need To Build Multiple Streams of Income For Yourself

Being an entrepreneur and earning multiple streams of income is a dream that many have, but in reality it does take some initial hard work to achieve this. Earning multiple streams of income is the wave of the future, and here are some tips and advice for you when you are looking for ways in which to do this for yourself.

by: Michel Maling on: Sat, 29 Sep 2012

3: Understanding Online Business Success

Starting a home based business to earn income online takes a significant amount of time and energy upfront to get things going. Not seeing results immediately can be discouraging and cause people to give up too early. In this article, we look at the process of starting a home based business and working through the frustrations to be there when the sales come flowing in.

by: Mike Christie on: Sat, 29 Sep 2012

4: What is Cyber Marketing And Why It Is So Important For The Success Of Your Website

Cyber marketing has now become an indispensable segment of e-commerce as well as the internet and World Wide Web related topics. Cyber marketing simply refers to a technique of attracting potential customers by advertising your products or services through such means as websites, emails, and banners.

by: WJaegel on: Tue, 18 Dec 2007

5: The Best Way To Optimise Your Website SEO For Google Panda

If you want your SEO to work you now need to concentrate on appeasing Google Panda, and to do this you need to know what Google Panda's spiders/bots will be looking for. Find out here how to search engine optimise your website for the latest Google Panda algorithm, and achieve the success you deserve.

by: K Damian Qualter on: Mon, 26 Mar 2012

Source: http://www.content4reprint.com/internet-marketing/top-blogging-sites.htm

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HR and Admin Executive, Business Development Mgr Jobs in Kenya

Human Resources and Administration Executive

Job Purpose:

To attract, develop and retain a skilled and motivated employee base that will drive the business to achieve its strategic objectives, while enhancing employee development through performance management and training.

Key Responsibilities and Tasks:

• Develop and implement the annual HR business plan derived from the Corporate Strategic Plan;
• Cascade the HR business plan through performance contracts to all staff in the department;
• Proactive manpower planning and recruiting staff;
• Develop and implement staff training and development programs;
• Coordinate, monitor and evaluate performance management and appraisal processes;
• Develop and implement staff motivation and retention initiatives to ensure staff are highly engaged;
• Develop, review and maintain appropriate HR practices, policies and procedures;
• Assist in corporate strategy development and implementation.
• Manage employee relations and grievance process;
• Manage the administration and periodical review of compensation and benefits for all staff;
• Oversee the activities directed at employee welfare, safety and health;
• Ensure an efficient and conducive work environment, housekeeping and general cleanliness;
• Ensure all administrative matters related to staff are dealt with in accordance with laid down policies; and
• Coach, mentor and develop the HR and Administration team to ensure excellent performance and effective succession planning in the Department.

Skills and Attributes

Academic Qualifications

• Must possess a Bachelors Degree in Business Administration, Strategic Management or Human Resources Management

Experience

• At least 3 years? experience in HR management,

Skills and competencies

• Proven intellectual leadership in managing people and operations;
• Proven ability to think strategically and design long term plans;
• Strong organisation and coordination skills;
• Superior Communication skills both written and oral;
• Superior analytical skills;
• Superior interpersonal skills;
• Good negotiation skills;
• Conflict resolution skills
• Counseling skills

If you meet the above qualification send your cv to otungakaranja@gmail.com indicating expected salary and availability by 28th April 2013.

Business Development Manager

Reporting to the General Manager? ? Strategy, he successful candidate will be responsible for developing and maintaining Marketing strategies; overseeing all marketing, and promotional activities, proposal writing with key concentration on the public sector.

Key Responsibilities;

• Overall accountability for the organization?s Marketing Strategies and performance of the marketing function;
• Overseeing and growing client portfolio,

Minimum Requirements

• Bachelors degree Marketing and at least 3 years experience in a senior management position in Marketing, Marketing firm or agency.
• Good proposal writing skills

Key skills include;?

• Effective team management,?
• Interpersonal skills and ability to work across functions,?
• Excellent strategic marketing.

Interested and qualified individuals should forward their applications enclosing detailed curriculum vitae, current salary, expected remuneration,? availability? and three references with a day time telephone contact and send to the following email address: otungakaranja@gmail.com to reach the undersigned not later than April 28, 2013.

Only successful candidates will be contacted.

Source: http://kenyanjobs.blogspot.com/2013/04/hr-and-admin-executive-business.html

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Google Street View adds Hungary and Lesotho, hits 50 country milestone

If you've been taking far too many virtual road trips after employing the (unofficial) Street View Hyperlapse chauffeur, you may be running out of places to go next. Well, today Google has added Hungary and Lesotho (a country within South Africa) to the list of lands you can vicariously visit, which brings the total number of Street View-catalogued countries to 50. This being the "largest single update" since, well, the last big one, Google has also added "new and updated imagery for nearly 350,000 miles of roads across 14 countries," including more places of interest for its special collections, thanks to the Street View trike. So, why venture outdoors this lunchtime, when you can wander the streets of Budapest instead?

Filed under: Internet, Google

Comments

Source: Google Lat-Long Blog

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/23/google-street-view-hungary-lesotho-50-countries/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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Deep, permeable soils buffer impacts of crop fertilizer on Amazon streams

Apr. 24, 2013 ? The often damaging impacts of intensive agriculture on nearby streams, rivers, and their wildlife has been well documented in temperate zones, such as North America and Europe.

Yet a new study in an important tropical zone -- the fast-changing southern Amazon, a region marked by widespread replacement of native forest by cattle ranches and more recently croplands -- suggests that at least some of those damaging impacts may be buffered by the very deep and highly permeable soils that characterize large areas of the expanding cropland.

The study, led by Christopher Neill, director of the Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), is published this week in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. This entire journal issue is devoted to the consequences of massive land-use changes in Mato Grosso, Brazil, the Amazon's biggest and most dynamic agricultural frontier.

"Over the past two decades, Mato Grosso has experienced both the highest rates of deforestation (mostly for pasture and soya bean expansion) and the greatest reduction in deforestation rates (associated with [government] policies and macroeconomic factors) in the Amazon," write the editors of the issue, who include Neill's collaborator Michael T. Coe of Woods Hole Research Center. "The regional focus of this issue allows for a deep assessment of the complex ecological and social changes related to agricultural transformation of a tropical forest environment."

Neill's study looked specifically at the impacts of soybean agriculture on water quality and quantity at Tanguro Ranch, a nearly 200,000-acre farm similar in climate and geography to large tracts of the Amazon where soybean production, largely for export as animal feed, is expanding rapidly.

The ranch has watersheds that are entirely forested, as well as watersheds that are now entirely soybean cropland, allowing for a comparison.

"We were surprised to find that, despite intensive agriculture at Tanguro Ranch, the streams do not appear to be receiving a significant amount of either nitrogen or phosphorus, despite a high application of phosphorus fertilizer to adjacent cropland," says Neill.

This is in contrast to many Northern Hemisphere cropland areas where fertilizers are known to add nutrients to the soil that, with rainfall, run off into freshwater streams and rivers, leading to over-fertilization and low-oxygen conditions that endanger fish and other aquatic life.

At Tanguro Ranch, however, "the soils are old and highly weathered, very deep, and likely to be fairly uniform over great depths," Neill says. "Water infiltrates the soil very rapidly, and the soil has a great capacity to absorb the nutrients. It appears to act as an enormous buffer."

However, this situation is in transition, he notes. "The southeastern Amazon is a very fast-moving environment of change. Right now, most soybean fields are not fertilized with nitrogen. But that will change because the Amazon is poised for large increases in nitrogen fertilizer use as double-cropping (soybeans plus corn) becomes more prevalent," Neill says. "So it's quite possible we will see greater effects on water quality in the future."

The study also noted impacts of deforestation on the quantity of water entering streams. Typically, after a forest is cut down,

about four times more surface water runs off into small streams because of reduced evaporation to the atmosphere. However, at Tanguro Ranch, rainfall infiltrates quickly into the soil and streams are fed predominantly by groundwater, so stream levels don't fluctuate dramatically, during either the wet and dry seasons, even in cropland watersheds.

"We don't see large changes to the structure of stream channels in small headwater streams, " Neill says. "But in the bigger rivers, we see a cumulative impact of all the extra water from those small streams piling up. When larger rivers have to handle that extra water caused by deforestation, they change geomorphically; their floodplains get re-arranged. Those are also rivers that people use for water supplies, fishing, and transportation. "

Finally, the study showed that the agricultural streams were warmer than the forested streams, caused both by a reduction in bordering forest and the presence of impoundments (small human-made dams).

"Warmer water has implications for the fish," Neill says, "because it holds less oxygen. Warmer water also increases fish metabolism, so fish need more food. We don't know if warming and other changes associated with expanding cropland also increase fish food supply -- if they don't, some fish may not have enough energy to survive."

Neill has been working at Tanguro Ranch since 2007 with collaborators from Woods Hole Research Center, Brown University, the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), and the University of S?o Paulo. Other authors in this journal issue include MBL Senior Scientist Linda Deegan; Shelby Riskin and Gillian Galford, both of whom graduated from the Brown-MBL Graduate Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences; and Brown-MBL faculty members Stephen Porder, Leah VanWey, and Jack Mustard.

"Tanguro Ranch is the focus of a huge amount of the science on land transitions and social-ecological dynamics in the Amazon," says Marty Downs, associate director of Brown University's Environmental Change Initiative.

Neill's study was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Fundac?o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo, the Packard Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development.

Theme Issue Ecology, economy and management of an agroindustrial frontier landscape in the southeast Amazon, compiled and edited by Paulo M. Brando, Michael T. Coe and Ruth DeFries. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, June 5, 2013.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Marine Biological Laboratory. The original article was written by Diana Kenney.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. C. Neill, M. T. Coe, S. H. Riskin, A. V. Krusche, H. Elsenbeer, M. N. Macedo, R. McHorney, P. Lefebvre, E. A. Davidson, R. Scheffler, A. M. e. S. Figueira, S. Porder, L. A. Deegan. Watershed responses to Amazon soya bean cropland expansion and intensification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2013; 368 (1619): 20120425 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0425

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/qTiynJImWjs/130424112312.htm

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